Dose Response Effect of Photobiomodulation on Hemodynamic Responses and Glucose Levels in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial

This study verifies the acute dose response effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) by light emitting diodes (LEDs) on hemodynamic and metabolic responses in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirteen participants T2DM (age 52 ± 7 years) received PBM a light-emitting diode array (50 GaAIAs LEDs, 850 20 nm, 75 mW per diode) rectus oblique abdomen, quadriceps femoris, triceps surae, hamstring muscle areas, bilaterally, using different energy treatments (sham, 75, 150, 300, 450, 600 Joules) random order washout at least 15 days apart. The LEDs statistically decreased plasma glucose levels (primary outcome) min after application 450 J irradiation protocol, reduced blood lactate increased cardiac output (Q?) index (CI) 1st minute 300 Q? heart rate (HR) respectively. For variables, including Q?, total peripheral resistance (TPR), HR, we observed that ideal therapeutic window ranged between J, while for lactate, variation was J.